increasingly the product or the pride of national patriots. 
     So much is nationalism a commonplace in the modes of 
     thought and action of the civilized populations of the 
     contemporary world that most men take nationalism for 
     granted. Without serious reflection they imagine it to be 
     the most natural thing in the universe and assume that it 
     must always have existed.
     What has given such a vogue to nationalism in 
     recent times? That is the first major question to be raised 
     concerning this most vital phenomenon.

The citizen armies of Cromwell and Napoleon were the ideal 
manifestations of the new technology.

*      As an historian Hayes knows well (p. 290) that there is 
a mystery about nationalism. It never existed before the